The ability to watch an IP session and decode its meaning is a crucial skill for a network programmer. To fully understand the concepts behind network programming, you must first understand the IP protocol and how it moves data among network devices. Getting familiar with this information could save you countless hours of troubleshooting network programs that aren’t behaving the way you think they should.
The network packets that you capture contain several layers of information to help the data get transported between the two network devices. Each layer of information contains bytes arranged in a predetermined order, specifying parameters specific for the protocol layer. Most packets that you will use in IP network programming will contain three separate protocol layers of information, along with the actual data being transmitted between network devices. Figure illustrates the protocol hierarchy used for IP packets, as discussed in the sections that follow.
Figure: Network protocol layers in packets
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